What is Arc Flash?
An Arc Flash is an explosive release of energy caused by an electrical short circuit between 2 energised conductors or an energised conductor and earth. The sudden discharge of electrical energy causes a brilliant explosion of light and sound. The temperatures inside a flash incident can reach 19,000?C (sun?s surface temperature is 6000?C) causing conductors especially copper to vapourise (Copper expands by a factor 67,000 when it vapourises). The explosion causes shrapnel and vapourised conductors to escape the blast site at 1600km/hr. This amount of energy is sufficient to cause severe injury to anyone within the blast radius. The injuries can range from burns, blindness, hearing loss, impact injury, psychological trauma and even death. Critically, most flash incidents happen when the electrical system is being worked on and ?live? and thus Arc Flash presents a serious risk to the employees.
The incident energy in a flash incident does not necessarily depend on the system voltage because the lower the voltage, the more current there can be in the system and the higher current levels create the high amounts of energy that is dissipated in an arc flash incident in an electrical system.
Arc Flash Standards and the Law
Arc Flash is a workplace electrical hazard and therefore there are laws and standards governing the measurement and mitigation of the risks associated with arc flash incidents as the safety of the people in the workplace is paramount. Such incidents can cause damage to the electrical networks on the site by overloading parts of the electrical grid on site. This can also cause the electric network to shut down and cause expensive downtime. A proper workplace safety audit that includes Arc Flash incident energy calculations and risk assessment can suggest electrical equipment settings to reduce the probability of a serious arc flash related incident from occurring in the workplace.
U.S.A
In the US, there is a standard for measuring the energy released in a flash incident. It is the IEEE1584-2002 standard that was published in 2002 and details how to calculate the amount of energy that is released in an arc flash incident.
The calculation involves an assessment of the maximum bolted short circuit current available at a given location, the possible maximum duration of the arc, the distance from the arc source, the line voltage (if above 600V) and the conductor spacing. The possible duration of the arc is determined by the settings of the protection devices upstream of the network point including all sources.
From these data the incident energy is calculated in Joules per square centimetre, J/cm2 (or cal/cm2). Four hazard/risk category classifications are defined and for each category the NFPA requires an appropriate level of PPE for each level in the table.
The NFPA standard (NFPA 70E) is centred around setting a process of achieving workplace safety in an eletcrical environment. NFPA 70E requires the employer to implement and document an electrical workplace safety program that directs activity appropriate for the electrical hazards, voltage, energy level, and circuit conditions. A key recommendation is that as far as possible electrical conductors and circuit parts should be de-energised and have lockout/tagout devices applied.
Arc Flash Shock Protection Boundaries
The standard outlines the procedures, labelling and training required to achieve workplace safety. It also sets out the requirements for work on electrical equipment where it can not be de-energised or locked out. NFPA 70E sets out a number of boundaries from the live electrical conductors, arc flash boundary and shock protection. An Arc Flash boundary is defined as the point where the energy of the electrical arc is 5J/cm2 as it is the amount of energy needed to inflict 2nd degree burns on a human being. The NFPA 70E standard also details the look of any signage that is to be used to warn employees of electrical hazards.
Europe and Ireland
In Europe, Ireland and the UK, Arc Flash is dealt with differently. In the absence of a local standard or method of energy calculation in the European jurisdiction, Arc Flash is dealt with as a workplace hazard and as such the onus is on the employer to ensure workplace safety. The IEEE standard is used for energy calculations as it is the best method of doing so. The NFPA 70E standard stipulates 4 levels of incident flash energy but in Europe, an equivalent 2-level system is used. Due to the multi-lingual working environment in Europe, all signage must conform to the European standard and any non-standard signage is not considered adequate.
In Ireland, it is a requirement under Safety, Health and Welfare Act 2005 (S.I. no. 10 of 2005) that ?every employer shall ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of his or her employees?. This clearly extends to working on electrical systems.
S.I.299 of 2007 part 3 (Electricity) states that ?it is preferable that work on or near electrical equipment should be carried out when that equipment is dead, but work on or near live conductors may be permitted in exceptional circumstances?.
Also stated in this standard, work on live equipment should not be undertaken unless:
- It is unreasonable in the circumstances for it to be dead
- It is reasonable in the circumstances for such person to be at work on or near it while it is live
- Suitable precautions are taken to prevent danger, including, where necessary, the provision of protective equipment
According to the Act, electrical hazards associated with electrical systems and equipment include:
- Electric shock
- Burns sustained at the point of accidental electrical contact, or due to arcing from high voltage conductors
- Fires caused by overheating or ignition of explosive atmospheres
- Secondary injuries as a result of muscle spasms during electric shock or, for example, falling from a ladder after a mild shock.
Therefore, it is the employers responsibility to provide a safe working environment for their employees, have risk assessments carried out (associated with Arc Flash hazard), have clear labelling in place to warn employees and to have proper CE marked Personal Protection Equipment available on site.
Currently in Ireland, the awareness of the Arc Flash hazard is very low and Premium Power is committed to ensuring that Arc Flash is at the forefront of discussion on workplace safety in Ireland especially in the context of the industrial manufacturing and data centre environments.
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Premium Power are specialists in providing arc flash consultancy in Ireland and the UK. The service ranges from site inspections to protection coordination to minimise the arc flash hazard in the workplace. Visit http://www.premiumpower.ie for more details.
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